GHG Inventory of Delhi And Uttarakhand
Minor Project Thesis
Submitted
by
DEEPSHIKHA
SINGH
For the partial fulfillment
of the
Degree
of Master of Science in CLIMATE SCIENCE AND POLICY
Submitted to
Department
of Energy and Environment
TERI
University
August 2017
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work that forms the
basis of this project GHG INVENTORY OF DELHI AND UTTARAKHAND is an original
work carried out by me and has not been submitted anywhere else for the award
of any degree.
I certify that all sources of information and
data are fully acknowledged in the project thesis.
Deepshikha
Singh
Date:31.07.2017
Abstract:
India is
the third largest greenhouse gas emitter, contributing to about 5.3% of the
total global emissions. (Sridevi H., Shreejith K.,T.V. Ramachandra). It goes
without saying that the urban cities in India have a major contribution to the
above mentioned emissions. In this report the author will talk about the
greenhouse gas emissions from the national capital of Delhi and the state of
Uttarakhand. The choice of these two
distinct regions simply lies in the fact that Delhi is an urban and an energy
extensive region with a huge dependence on the fossil fuels for its energy
requirements. On the other hand Uttarakhand is a state in the lap of the
Himalayas where people still follow some environment friendly and conventional
ways in their living style and the energy is extensiveness is comparatively low
as compared to the urban city of New Delhi. . A GHG inventory
provides an estimate of all the emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
(GHG) from given sources or a sinks from a definite area in a specific time
period .Inventorying the GHG emissions helps us decide on to the various
mitigation strategies that are to be taken up in order to cope up with the
consequences of the increasing GHG emissions from various human induced
activities. A typical GHG inventory consists of the various sectors like the
energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, land use, land use
change and forestry and waste. The reporting of which are done in accordance
with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
guidelines. This report talks about the GHG emissions from the energy sector of
the Union Territory of Delhi and the state of Uttarakhand. It is interesting to
see the energy consumption and hence the emissions from the energy sector of both
the states.
Introduction:
Escalating emissions of greenhouse gases are one of the most important factors
taken into account specially when talking about the increase in the global
world temperature. This is simply because of the nature of these gases. GHG’s
have a tendency to absorb the solar energy reflected from the earth’s surface
as infrared radiations. The main anthropogenic greenhouse gases comprise of
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Depending on their
atmospheric lifetime and ability to absorb energy, each gas has a different
global warming potential (GWP). It is pertinent to note that the presence of
these gases plays a vital role in maintaining the temperature of the planet,
but the increase in their concentration works contrary to their role. So it is
very important to keep a tab of these GHG emissions from various human induced
sources.
The ultimate objective
of the United Nations Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) is to achieve
“stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
system." (UNFCCC) With the rapid increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases due to anthropogenic activities there is a significant change increase
in the temperature if the earth which is a major indicator of climate change. Observations
over India show that in the last 100 years the mean annual surface air
temperature has increased by 0.4°C (Hingane et al., 1985). So there is a need
to measure these greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, there is a need to prepare an
inventory of the greenhouse gas emissions. GHG inventories are of great
importance when it comes to developing atmospheric models which use the record
of the above mentioned emissions as an input. Strategies and policies for
emission curtailing and mitigating the climate change are based on the
emissions of that particular country. Even the allowable emission rates are
dependent on the inventories. It is relevant to mention that earlier GHG
inventory was exclusively country specific especially in the Indian context.
But now initiatives are being taken to prepare inventories even at state levels
for example the GHG inventory of Andhra Pradesh published by The Energy and
Resource Institute, supported by the Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning
Society, Government of Andhra Pradesh. This is a good initiative to have a
bottom up approach in the mitigation sector as well as all the sectors
mentioned earlier in the text where GHG inventory plays a vital role.
Aim: The aim
of this report is to present the GHG emissions from the energy sector in the
National Capital of Delhi and the state of Uttarakhand.
Methodology: The study began with the demographic
profiling of the two regions namely, New Delhi and Uttarakhand. This involved
the figuring out the population as well as the type of population based on sex,
the area they live in, literacy rate, the climate of that area and some
information about the economic activities.
The next step involved extracting data of the
various fuels consumed in the energy sector. The secondary data was taken from
various annual reports of various government organisations like the Central
Electricity Authority, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of power and many
more. At the same time, a copy of the first hand, raw data on sector- wise fuel
consumption was obtained from the Petroleum Planning Analysis Cell (PPAC) on
request.
The next step was to bifurcate and tabulate the
data and find out the emissions of carbon dioxide (Co2), methane (CH4) and
nitrous oxide (N2O) respectively. The emission factors used in this report are
a mix of default factors available in NATCOM. It is important to note that the
default emission factors have been used for those gases and categories for
which country specific emission factors were not available.
IPPC Revised Guidelines 2006 have been used to
achieve a comprehensive, complete, comparable, transparent and accurate
coverage to the extent of capacities permit. Fossil fuel combustion forms the
major part of emissions from the energy sector. The IPCC 2006 guidelines have
been used to estimate emissions for the energy sector. IPCC provides NCV based
emission factors, but GCV based values were calculated using the GCV- NCV
difference percentage values using the NCV based values provided by IPCC.
The formula used is as follows:
GHG Emissions = Fuel Consumption x GCV x GCV Based
Emission factors.
The Gross Calorific Values and Emission factors are
given below in the Table. 1
Table 1: Gross calorific values and emission
factors for fuels
|
Fuel
|
GCV (TJ/kt)/(TJ/mcm)
|
Emission Factors based on GCV Tons CO2/ TJ
|
|
Asphalt
|
29.47
|
76.86
|
|
Crude Oil
|
42.7
|
69.28
|
|
Aviation Turbine Fuel
|
44.6
|
68.1
|
|
Diesel
|
43.3
|
70.57
|
|
Gasoline
|
44.8
|
66
|
|
Fuel Oil/residual fuel oil
|
43.7
|
73.71
|
|
Kerosene
|
43.8
|
68.48
|
|
Natural Gas
|
37.7
|
51
|
|
Naphtha
|
45.0
|
68.59
|
|
LDO
|
43.7
|
70.57
|
|
Lubricant/Wax of other non –
energy products
|
35.6
|
69.81
|
|
LPG
|
47.3
|
60.1
|
|
Petroleum Coke
|
41.9
|
92.59
|
|
Lignite
|
12.6
|
101.44
|
|
Non coking coal domestic
|
15.9
|
91.25
|
|
Non coking coal imported
|
27.2
|
90.46
|
|
Coking coal prime domestic
|
25.1
|
89.15
|
|
Coking coal inferior domestic
|
25.1
|
89.15
|
|
Imported coking coal
|
27.2
|
87.97
|
|
Other Petroleum products
|
42.3
|
69.81
|
Source: MOEF 2004; IPCC, 2006b
The
information on GHGs is presented in terms of CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) using the
Global Warming Potential ( GWP) values provided by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Second Assessment Report.
So, the final step involved the
conversion of the respective green house gas emissions obtained to Gg of CO2
equivalent. This was done by multiplying the emissions obtained to the Global
Warming potential of each gas.
The Global Warming Potential (GWP)
values used in this report are presented as follows in Table 2.
Table 2: Global Warming Potential Values
used in the report
|
Gas
|
GWP
|
|
CO2
|
1
|
|
CH4
|
21
|
|
N2O
|
310
|
Source:
IPCC, 1996
The
reference gas used for the estimation is CO2, thus GWP-weighted emissions have
been measured in terms of CO2 equivalent. The GHG emissions from different
sources have been presented in the units of Gg CO2 eq.
Results:
Demographic Profiling
New Delhi
Background
Delhi is the national
capital of the country. It has served as the capital since time immemorial. It
lies in the subtropical semi arid region of India. It is situated on the bank
of the river Yamuna at the periphery of the Gangetic plains. It shares its
border with Uttar Pradesh in the east, and is surrounded by Haryana from the
rest of the sides. Delhi ranks 31st in terms of area. It has an area of 1484 km2. It is
a union territory. It is the only city to have districts. There are a total of
9 districts in Delhi which are listed in the table below.
Table 3: Districts of Delhi
|
S.No
|
District
|
|
1.
|
New Delhi
|
|
2.
|
North East
|
|
3.
|
East
|
|
4.
|
South West
|
|
5.
|
North West
|
|
6.
|
West
|
|
7.
|
North
|
|
8.
|
South
|
|
9.
|
Central
|
Source: Statistical
Abstract of Delhi, 2016
Climate
The national capital of
‘New Delhi’ lies between 28.7041° N latitude and
77.1025° E longitude. Delhi has
an extreme climate. It experiences a very hot and humid summer during May-July
and a cold winter during December and January. The average temperature varies
from 25 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius in summers whereas during the
winter the average temperature range is 22 degrees to 5 degrees Celsius. The
severity of winter has been fluctuating in the recent years. The national
capital also experiences rain spells due to the approaching monsoons during the
months of July to September. Summers are
generally hot.
Population:
Delhi is one of the
most populous cities of the country with a population of 16.8 million as per
the 2011 census, which is 1.2% of India’s total population. It is noteworthy to
say that the population has almost increased four times since 1971 till 2011. The population has steadily increased
from 2.65 million in 1971 to 4.06 million in 1981 to 6.22 million in 1991
to 9.42 million in 2001 to 13.85 million and finally to 16.8 million in 2011.
Figure 1.2 shows the decadal growth rate in Delhi and depicts that it has seen
a decadal growth rate of 52.93% in 1961-71 which rose to 53 % in 1971-81.
Later, the growth rate declined to to 51.45% in 1981-91 and in 1991-2001 to
47.02%. Then, finally to 20.96% in 2001-11.
Figure 1: Decadal
growth rate in population for Delhi (1961-71 to 2001-11)
At the district level,
North West Delhi (3.6 million), is the most populous, followed by South Delhi
(2.7 million), West Delhi (2.5 million) , South West Delhi (2.29 million) ,
North East Delhi (2.24 million) , East Delhi(1.7 million) , North Delhi( .88
million) , Central Delhi( .57 million) and New Delhi( .133 million)
respectively. Looking at the decadal growth rate in the population from 2001 to
2011, South West Delhi (30.65%) district has the highest decadal growth rate in
its population followed by North West Delhi (27.81%), North East Delhi
(26.78%), South Delhi (20.51%), West Delhi(19.46%), East Delhi (16.78%),North
Delhi (13.62%) respectively. Whereas, Central Delhi (-9.91%) and New Delhi
(-20.72%) saw a decline in the decadal growth rate.
The estimated
population density of Delhi was 11320 persons per Km2 in 2011 as
compared to 9340 persons per square Km2 in 2011. District wise
Central Delhi has the highest population density (8957 persons per square Km2),
followed by South Delhi (8505 persons per square Km2), North Delhi
(8104 persons per square Km2), West Delhi (5160 persons per square
Km2), North West Delhi (4903 persons per square Km2),
South West Delhi (3755 persons per square Km2), East Delhi (3208
persons per square Km2), North East Delhi (2440 persons per square
Km2) and New Delhi ( 2044
persons per square Km2) respectively.
Sex
Ratio
As per the 2011 census,
the male population in the state was 8.98 million and the female population was
7.8 million which clearly highlights that the there is a dominance of the male
population more than the female population and the same trend is followed
observed in the districts of the national capital. The sex ratio of Delhi
follows an interesting trend which has gone up from 821 in 2001 to 866 in 2011.
As per 2011 census, at district level, South Delhi has the highest sex ratio
whereas North West Delhi has the lowest sex ratio. (Census of India, 2011)
Table 4: Male, female
population and sex ratio of Delhi ( In millions)
|
Delhi
|
1981
|
1991
|
2001
|
2011
|
|
Male Population
|
3.44
|
5.15
|
7.60
|
8.97
|
|
Female Population
|
2.78
|
4.26
|
6.24
|
7.77
|
|
Sex Ratio ( females per 1000 males)
|
808
|
827
|
821
|
866
|
Source: Census of India
Scheduled Caste
Population
The Census of 2011
estimated Scheduled Caste (SC) population to be 2.81 million (16.75% of the
total population). However, at district level, North West Delhi has the highest
Scheduled Caste Population of 6.97 million (24.79% of the total population)
while, New Delhi has the lowest population of Scheduled Castes i.e. 0.033
million (1.18% of the total population). (Census of India, 2011)
Rural and Urban
Population
As per 2011 Census, the
percentage of rural people to the total population was 2.5% and percentage of
urban people to the total population was 97.5% for Delhi. From figure 2 and 3
it can be seen that there is an overall decrease in the percentage of rural
population whereas, there is an overall increase in the urban population.
However, there was a decrease in the urban population from 1981 to 1991,
however thereafter, the percentage increased for further years. Looking at
district level, it is observed that, as per 2011 census, North West Delhi has
the highest rural population as well as urban population. Central Delhi and New
Delhi have no rural population at all whereas; New Delhi has the lowest urban
population.
Figure 2: Percentage of
rural population to the total population
Urbanization is a
driver of economic growth of economy. Urbanization is measured as the ratio of
urban population to total population. On one hand urbanization enhances the
economic prosperity of the state by providing better access to urban services
and livelihood opportunities while on the other hand, it has some negative
consequences as well on the environment and urban services such as increase in
municipal waste, pressure on water and electricity, change in land use pattern,
growth of slums and informal sector which directly or indirectly affects the
quality of urban life in long run.
Figure 3: Percentage of
urban population to the total population
Literacy
rate:
Literacy is a key
socio- economic factor which represents the quality of human capital available
within the state. The total literacy rate in Delhi was estimated to be 86.2% in
2011 as compared to 81.67% in 2001. Further, according to the 2011 census, the
literacy rate of the male population and the female literacy rate were 90.9%
and 80.8% respectively. The figure 1.6 highlights the literacy rate- total,
male, female population for Delhi from 1971 to 2011. Talk about growth.
Looking at district
level, East Delhi has the highest level of literacy rate i.e. 89.31% followed
by New Delhi (88.34%) while, North East Delhi has the lowest literacy rate i.e.
83.09% as per the 2011 census.
Figure 4: Literacy Rate-
Total, Male& Female for Delhi (1961-2011)
Work Participation
Work participation rate
represents the active labour force in the economy. It is defined as the number
of people employed or actively looking for work, this does not include those
persons who are no longer actively searching for work. In Delhi the total work
participation rate was 33.28% as per the 2011 census. The work participation
rate was 31.10% for rural areas and 33.34% in urban areas as seen in the table
below.
Table 5: Work Participation
rate in Delhi in 2011
|
Work
Participation Rate (in %)
|
Total
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
Delhi
|
33.28
|
33.34
|
31.10
|
52.99
|
10.58
|
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India
Economic activity and
Sectoral shares
The economic growth of
the state is described as a measure of its Gross State Domestic Product. As per
the data made available by the planning commission of India, the union
territory of Delhi had a GSDP of Rs. 100,325 Crores at constant prices (2004-05
base prices) for the year 2012-13. Figure 5 shows the trend in Gross Domestic
Product (GSDP) from 2004-05 to 2013-13 at 2004-05 base prices.
Figure 5: Gross State
Domestic Product ( GSDP) at constant prices (2004-05 base prices)
Source: Central Statistics Office
From the figure it can
be easily analysed that the GSDP at constant prices (2004-05) has seen a steady
increase over the year from Rs 100,325 Crores in 2004-05 to 215,971 Crores in
2012-13.
Table 6: Sectoral share
of GSDP of Delhi
|
Sector
|
2004-05
|
2012-13
|
|
Agriculture and allied
|
1.09%
|
0.68%
|
|
Agriculture
|
1.01%
|
0.64%
|
|
Industry
|
18.44%
|
9.93%
|
|
Construction
|
9.73%
|
4.24%
|
|
Manufacture
|
7.30%
|
5.01%
|
|
Services
|
80.47%
|
89.40%
|
Source: Central
Statistics Office
As seen by the
available data it is clearly evident that the service sector is the main driver
of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) . The percentage share of various
sectors for the years 2004-05 and 2012-13 are presented below. In 2004-05 the
service sector comprised 80.47% of the total GSDP share whereas in 2012-13, it
comprised of 89.40% of the total GSDP share.
The Central Statistical
Office (CSO), GOI changed the base year for the estimation of Gross Domestic
Product from 2004-05 to 2011-12. So the GSDP at constant prices taking 2011-12
as the year is depicted below in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Gross State
Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant prices ( 2011-12 base year)
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation
Figure 6 highlights a
steady increase in the GSDP over the years. There is an increase from Rs.
343,767 Crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 498,217 Crore in 2016-17. The GSDP in 2015-16
was 460,217 Crore and that in 2016-17 is 498,217 Crores indicating an annual
growth rate of 8.25 % from 2015-16 to 2016-17.
Table 7 highlights the
share of various sectors of the gross value added of the state at constant
prices taking 2011-12 as the base year from 2011-12 to 2015-17. It can be
clearly seen that the services sector has the highest share of GVA.
Table 7: GVA by
economic activity at constant prices (2011-12)
|
Sector
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-014
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
|
Agriculture
|
285471
|
222388
|
199538
|
187767
|
225989
|
228911
|
|
Manufacturing
|
1890728
|
2224419
|
2315186
|
2452498
|
3151066
|
3857622
|
|
Construction
|
1666852
|
1631439
|
1680482
|
1656381
|
1599656
|
1562491
|
|
Services
|
25704234
|
27324367
|
28978579
|
31771551
|
33722252
|
36280260
|
Source:
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
was formed on the 9 November 2000 and became the 27 State of India. It was carved out of the northern Uttar
Pradesh. It is located at the foothills
of the Himalayas. It is a mountainous state sharing its boundaries with Tibet
in north as Nepal in the east. Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the other
two neighbours. It is rich in natural resources especially water and forests
with many glaciers, rivers, dense forests and snow-clad mountain peaks.
Dehradun is the Capital of Uttarakhand. This state has a geographical area of 53483 km2 of which 46035 km2 comprises of the hilly
area while 7448 km2 accounts for the plain area. The state has a latitude of 28° 43' N to 31° 27 ' N and a
longitude of 77° 34' E to 81° 02' E.
(Uttarakhand at a Glance, 2015).
The state is divided into two
divisions namely Garhwal Division and
Kumaoun Division. There are a total of
13 districts in Uttarakhand which are listed below in Table 8.
Table 8: Districts of Uttarakhand
|
Sr. No.
|
District
|
|
Garhwal Division
|
|
|
1.
|
Chamoli
|
|
2.
|
Dehradun
|
|
3.
|
Haridwar
|
|
4.
|
Rudraprayag
|
|
5.
|
Tehri Garhwal
|
|
6.
|
Pauri Garhwal
|
|
7.
|
Uttarkashi
|
|
Kumaoun Division
|
|
|
8.
|
Almora
|
|
9.
|
Bageshwar
|
|
10.
|
Champawat
|
|
11.
|
Nanital
|
|
12.
|
Pithoragarh
|
|
13.
|
U S Nagar
|
Population
Uttarakhand ranks 20th
in terms of population in India. As per the 2011 census population of this
state was 10.08 million. It is noteworthy to say that the population has almost
increased three times since 1971 till 2011.
The population has steadily increased from 3.61 million in 1971 to 4..49 million in 1981 to 5.72 million in 1991
to 7.05 million in 2001 to 8.48 million and finally to 10.08 million in 2011.
Figure 7 shows the decadal growth rate in the state of Uttarakhand and depicts
that it has seen a decadal growth rate of 24.42% in 1961-71 which rose to27.45 %
in 1971-81 and then declines to 23.13 % in 1981-91 then to 20.41% in 1991-2001 and
finally to 18.81% in 2001-11.
Figure 7: Decadal
growth of Population in Uttarakhand
Source: Census of India
At the district level,
Rudraprayag is the least populated district with a population of 0.24 million.
Contrary to this, Haridwar is the most populous district of the state
comprising a population of 1.89 million.
Sex Ratio:
As per the 2011 census,
the male population in the state was 5.13 million and the female population was
4.94 million which clearly highlights that the there is a dominance of the male
population more than the female population.. The sex ratio of Uttarakhand
follows an increasing trend which has gone up from 936 in 1991 to 962 in 2001
and then to 963 in 2011. (Census of India, 2011).
Table 9: Sex Ratio of
Uttarakhand
|
Delhi
|
1991
|
2001
|
2011
|
|
Male Population
|
3.64
|
4.32
|
5.13
|
|
Female Population
|
3.40
|
4.16
|
4.94
|
|
Sex Ratio ( females
per 1000 males)
|
936
|
962
|
963
|
Source: Census of India
Rural and Urban
Population:
It can be clearly seen
in the table that the rural population in 2001 was 6.31 million whereas the
urban population account for abour 2.17 million. In 2011 the urban population
comprisd of 7.02 million and the urban population comprised of 3.1 million. The
rural population saw a decadal growth of 11.25% whereas urban population grew t
42.85%.
Table 10: Rural and
Urban population breakup of Uttarakhand
|
Year
|
|
Rural population
|
Urban population
|
|
2001
|
Population(Millions)
|
6.31
|
2.17
|
|
|
Decadal growth rate
|
-
|
-
|
|
2011
|
Population(Millions)
|
7.02
|
3.1
|
|
|
Decadal growth rate
|
11.25%
|
42.85
|
Source: Census of India
Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribes:
The details of the SC/
ST population in accordance with the 2001 and 2011 census are given below.
Table 11: Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population of Uttarakhand
|
Scheduled Caste Population
|
|
2001
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
15.17
|
|
|
Male
|
7.81
|
|
|
Female
|
7.36
|
|
2011
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
18.92
|
|
|
Male
|
9.6
|
|
|
Female
|
9.2
|
|
Scheduled Tribes
|
|
2001
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
2.56
|
|
|
Male
|
1.31
|
|
|
Female
|
1.25
|
|
2011
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
2.9
|
|
|
Male
|
1.48
|
|
|
Female
|
1.43
|
Source: Census of India
Literacy Rate:
Literacy is a key
socio- economic factor which represents the quality of human capital available
within the state. The total literacy rate in Uttarakhand was estimated to be 78.80%
in 2011 as compared to 71.62% in 2001. Further, according to the 2011 census,
the literacy rate of the male population and the female literacy rate were 70.01%
and 807.4% respectively. The figure 8 highlights the literacy rate- Uttarakhand
from 1971 to 2011.
Table 8: Decadal
Literacy Rate of Uttarakhand
Source: Economic
Survey,2013-14
Economic activity and
Sectoral shares
The economic growth of
the state is described as a measure of its Gross State Domestic Product. As per
the data made available by the Ministry of statistics and Programme
Implementation, the state of Uttarakhand had a GSDP of Rs. 108,250 Crores at
constant prices (2004-05 base prices) for the year 2012-13. Figure 9 shows the
trend in Gross Domestic Product (GSDP) from 2004-05 to 2013-13 at 2004-05 base
prices.
Figure 9: Gross State
Domestic Product ( GSDP) at constant prices (2004-05 base prices)
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation
The Central Statistical
Office (CSO), GOI changed the base year for the estimation of Gross Domestic
Product from 2004-05 to 2011-12. So the GSDP at constant prices taking 2011-12
as the year is depicted below in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Gross State
Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant prices ( 2011-12 base year)
Figure 10 highlights a
steady increase in the GSDP over the years. There is an increase from Rs. 115,524
Crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 153,041 Crore in 2015-16. The GSDP in 2014-15 was 140,791
Crore and that in 2015-16 was 153,041 Crore indicating an annual growth rate of
8.7 % from 2014-15 to 2015-16.
Emissions from energy
sector
Electricity generation
in Delhi
The emissions in the
electricity generation sector are mainly from the combustion of various fossil
fuels. The following analysis has been done by raw the data obtained from
Petroleum Planning Analysis Cell (PPAC). The electricity generation trend
follows a very haphazard trend.
For Delhi, it can
possibly be attributed to the fact that Delhi faced the shutdown of a few power
plants which produced much less electricity as compared to its production cost.
One of the major factors governing this trend can be that the emissions
reported below from energy generation include exclusively the emissions from
grid based power plants only. Emissions from captive generation of electricity
using fossil fuels in various industries is considered under Industries Sector.
In 2014-15 Delhi emitted 216.48 Gg CO2 eq from the power sector.
Figure 11: GHG Emission
due to Energy generation in Delhi
In case of Uttarakhand
as well, GHG emissions from power generation follows a very haphazard trend.
This can be attributed to the fact that the fossil fuel dependence of this
state for electricity generation is quiet less because of the presence of
various hydroelectric plants and dams that are present in the state.
Figure 12: GHG Emission
due to Energy generation in Uttarakhand
Industry Sector:
Industry sector in Delhi
is one of the most energy incentive sectors. The major fuels consumed are
petroleum products mainly fuel oil. The GHG emissions from industry sector in
2014-15 were 63319.63 Gg Co2 eq. Whereas, in 2013-14 the emissions from this
sector were about 47570.028 Gg Co2 eq.
Figure 12: GHG Emission
from Industry Sector in Delhi
The trend of GHG
emissions from the industry sector in Uttarakhand is similar to that of Delhi
despite the fact that the GHG emissions in Uttarakhand are less as compared to
Delhi. Since, Uttarakhand is a hilly region with a wide forest cover so the
emissions from this sector are bound to be less in comparison to any other
urban state.
Figure 13: GHG Emission
due to Industry Sector in Uttarakhand
Transport Sector
The transport sector
forms a major part of the GHG emissions in Delhi keeping in account the
population and the fact that it is that national capital. This sector comprises
of the emissions from aviation, railways and road transport sector. The
emissions in this sector are from the combustion of fossil fuels, like motor
spirit, diesel, LPG Auto etc.
Figure 13: GHG Emission
from Transport Sector in Delhi
As seen in the figure,
the GHG emissions from transport sector in Delhi follow an increasing trend.
The emission in 2005-06 was 38828.63 Gg CO2 eq and that in 2014-15, it reached
to 112771.88 Gg CO2 eq in the year 2014-15. This increase in emissions from
this sector can be attributed to the fact that the number of vehicles has
increased over the years and is still increasing to the emissions is bound to
increase with time.
Again in case of
Uttarakhand, emissions in this sector are comparatively less as compared to the
energy intensive state of Delhi. Since
the population of this state is low and in turn the number of vehicles as well
declines. Though, the emissions from this sector follow an increasing trend
with increasing number of vehicles which is directly proportional to the
economic well being of the people. As seen in the figure, the GHG emissions
from the transport sector in the year CO2 eq. 2014-15 was 47104.4196 Gg CO2 eq
whereas in 2005-06 it was 22107.2114 Gg
Figure 13: GHG Emission
from Transport Sector in Uttarakhand
Other Sectors
This sector mainly
comprises emissions from the agriculture and residential and commercial sector.
It is an assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions from the above mentioned
sectors. At residential level, the combustion of fuels takes place for
activities like, lighting cooking, heating, air conditioning and other day to
day works. At the Agricultural level, the consumption of fuels is mainly due to
the irrigation activities. The decadal GHG Emissions from this sector for both
Delhi and Uttarakhand are depicted below.
Figure 14: GHG Emission
from Other Sectors in Delhi
Figure 15: GHG Emission
from Other Sectors in Uttarakhand
Conclusion
With the above analysis of the
GHG emissions we were able to calculate the total GHG emissions of Both Delhi
and Uttarakhand.
In Both the figures below we find
that the total emissions have been following an increasing trend.
Figure 16: Total GHG Emissions in
Delhi
The total GHG emissions in Delhi
from various sectors in 2004-05 were 79708.604 Gg CO2 Eq and that in 2014-15
was 177215.4528 Gg CO2 Eq.
Figure 17: Total GHG Emissions in
Uttarakhand
The
total GHG emissions in Delhi from various sectors in 2004-05 were 24390.563Gg
CO2 Eq and that in 2014-15 was 48944.82 Gg CO2 Eq.
References
Sridevi
H., Shreejith K.,T.V. Ramachandra,Comparative
analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major cities of India. (2014). International Journal of Renewable Energy
and Environmental Engineering.
IPCC.
1996. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
IPCC.
2006. Good Practise Guidelines 2006 for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Delhi.gov.in. (2016). Statistical Abstract of Delhi 2016. [online] Available at:
http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/f508bc8046667b0e9cf6bcf5a4ed47e7/Stattistical+Abstract+of+Delhi+2014.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=66436406&CACHEID=f508bc8046667b0e9cf6bcf5a4ed47e7
[Accessed 31 Jul. 2017].
Csoisw.gov.in. (2017). Annual Survey of Industries ::
CMS. [online] Available at:
http://www.csoisw.gov.in/cms/En/1023-annual-survey-of-industries.aspx [Accessed
31 Jul. 2017].
Petroleum and Natural gas Statistics. (2015). Annual
Reports | Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas | GoI. [online] Available
at: http://petroleum.nic.in/documents/reports/annual-reports [Accessed 31 Jul.
2017].
Anon, (2017). Annual Report 2014-5. [online]
Available at: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/annGHG Inventory of Delhi And Uttarakhand
Minor Project Thesis
Submitted
by
DEEPSHIKHA
SINGH
For the partial fulfillment
of the
Degree
of Master of Science in CLIMATE SCIENCE AND POLICY
Submitted to
Department
of Energy and Environment
TERI
University
August 2017
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the work that forms the
basis of this project GHG INVENTORY OF DELHI AND UTTARAKHAND is an original
work carried out by me and has not been submitted anywhere else for the award
of any degree.
I certify that all sources of information and
data are fully acknowledged in the project thesis.
Deepshikha
Singh
Date:31.07.2017
Abstract:
India is
the third largest greenhouse gas emitter, contributing to about 5.3% of the
total global emissions. (Sridevi H., Shreejith K.,T.V. Ramachandra). It goes
without saying that the urban cities in India have a major contribution to the
above mentioned emissions. In this report the author will talk about the
greenhouse gas emissions from the national capital of Delhi and the state of
Uttarakhand. The choice of these two
distinct regions simply lies in the fact that Delhi is an urban and an energy
extensive region with a huge dependence on the fossil fuels for its energy
requirements. On the other hand Uttarakhand is a state in the lap of the
Himalayas where people still follow some environment friendly and conventional
ways in their living style and the energy is extensiveness is comparatively low
as compared to the urban city of New Delhi. . A GHG inventory
provides an estimate of all the emissions and removals of greenhouse gases
(GHG) from given sources or a sinks from a definite area in a specific time
period .Inventorying the GHG emissions helps us decide on to the various
mitigation strategies that are to be taken up in order to cope up with the
consequences of the increasing GHG emissions from various human induced
activities. A typical GHG inventory consists of the various sectors like the
energy, industrial processes and product use, agriculture, land use, land use
change and forestry and waste. The reporting of which are done in accordance
with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
guidelines. This report talks about the GHG emissions from the energy sector of
the Union Territory of Delhi and the state of Uttarakhand. It is interesting to
see the energy consumption and hence the emissions from the energy sector of both
the states.
Introduction:
Escalating emissions of greenhouse gases are one of the most important factors
taken into account specially when talking about the increase in the global
world temperature. This is simply because of the nature of these gases. GHG’s
have a tendency to absorb the solar energy reflected from the earth’s surface
as infrared radiations. The main anthropogenic greenhouse gases comprise of
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Depending on their
atmospheric lifetime and ability to absorb energy, each gas has a different
global warming potential (GWP). It is pertinent to note that the presence of
these gases plays a vital role in maintaining the temperature of the planet,
but the increase in their concentration works contrary to their role. So it is
very important to keep a tab of these GHG emissions from various human induced
sources.
The ultimate objective
of the United Nations Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) is to achieve
“stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
system." (UNFCCC) With the rapid increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases due to anthropogenic activities there is a significant change increase
in the temperature if the earth which is a major indicator of climate change. Observations
over India show that in the last 100 years the mean annual surface air
temperature has increased by 0.4°C (Hingane et al., 1985). So there is a need
to measure these greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, there is a need to prepare an
inventory of the greenhouse gas emissions. GHG inventories are of great
importance when it comes to developing atmospheric models which use the record
of the above mentioned emissions as an input. Strategies and policies for
emission curtailing and mitigating the climate change are based on the
emissions of that particular country. Even the allowable emission rates are
dependent on the inventories. It is relevant to mention that earlier GHG
inventory was exclusively country specific especially in the Indian context.
But now initiatives are being taken to prepare inventories even at state levels
for example the GHG inventory of Andhra Pradesh published by The Energy and
Resource Institute, supported by the Andhra Pradesh State Development Planning
Society, Government of Andhra Pradesh. This is a good initiative to have a
bottom up approach in the mitigation sector as well as all the sectors
mentioned earlier in the text where GHG inventory plays a vital role.
Aim: The aim
of this report is to present the GHG emissions from the energy sector in the
National Capital of Delhi and the state of Uttarakhand.
Methodology: The study began with the demographic
profiling of the two regions namely, New Delhi and Uttarakhand. This involved
the figuring out the population as well as the type of population based on sex,
the area they live in, literacy rate, the climate of that area and some
information about the economic activities.
The next step involved extracting data of the
various fuels consumed in the energy sector. The secondary data was taken from
various annual reports of various government organisations like the Central
Electricity Authority, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of power and many
more. At the same time, a copy of the first hand, raw data on sector- wise fuel
consumption was obtained from the Petroleum Planning Analysis Cell (PPAC) on
request.
The next step was to bifurcate and tabulate the
data and find out the emissions of carbon dioxide (Co2), methane (CH4) and
nitrous oxide (N2O) respectively. The emission factors used in this report are
a mix of default factors available in NATCOM. It is important to note that the
default emission factors have been used for those gases and categories for
which country specific emission factors were not available.
IPPC Revised Guidelines 2006 have been used to
achieve a comprehensive, complete, comparable, transparent and accurate
coverage to the extent of capacities permit. Fossil fuel combustion forms the
major part of emissions from the energy sector. The IPCC 2006 guidelines have
been used to estimate emissions for the energy sector. IPCC provides NCV based
emission factors, but GCV based values were calculated using the GCV- NCV
difference percentage values using the NCV based values provided by IPCC.
The formula used is as follows:
GHG Emissions = Fuel Consumption x GCV x GCV Based
Emission factors.
The Gross Calorific Values and Emission factors are
given below in the Table. 1
Table 1: Gross calorific values and emission
factors for fuels
|
Fuel
|
GCV (TJ/kt)/(TJ/mcm)
|
Emission Factors based on GCV Tons CO2/ TJ
|
|
Asphalt
|
29.47
|
76.86
|
|
Crude Oil
|
42.7
|
69.28
|
|
Aviation Turbine Fuel
|
44.6
|
68.1
|
|
Diesel
|
43.3
|
70.57
|
|
Gasoline
|
44.8
|
66
|
|
Fuel Oil/residual fuel oil
|
43.7
|
73.71
|
|
Kerosene
|
43.8
|
68.48
|
|
Natural Gas
|
37.7
|
51
|
|
Naphtha
|
45.0
|
68.59
|
|
LDO
|
43.7
|
70.57
|
|
Lubricant/Wax of other non –
energy products
|
35.6
|
69.81
|
|
LPG
|
47.3
|
60.1
|
|
Petroleum Coke
|
41.9
|
92.59
|
|
Lignite
|
12.6
|
101.44
|
|
Non coking coal domestic
|
15.9
|
91.25
|
|
Non coking coal imported
|
27.2
|
90.46
|
|
Coking coal prime domestic
|
25.1
|
89.15
|
|
Coking coal inferior domestic
|
25.1
|
89.15
|
|
Imported coking coal
|
27.2
|
87.97
|
|
Other Petroleum products
|
42.3
|
69.81
|
Source: MOEF 2004; IPCC, 2006b
The
information on GHGs is presented in terms of CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) using the
Global Warming Potential ( GWP) values provided by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Second Assessment Report.
So, the final step involved the
conversion of the respective green house gas emissions obtained to Gg of CO2
equivalent. This was done by multiplying the emissions obtained to the Global
Warming potential of each gas.
The Global Warming Potential (GWP)
values used in this report are presented as follows in Table 2.
Table 2: Global Warming Potential Values
used in the report
|
Gas
|
GWP
|
|
CO2
|
1
|
|
CH4
|
21
|
|
N2O
|
310
|
Source:
IPCC, 1996
The
reference gas used for the estimation is CO2, thus GWP-weighted emissions have
been measured in terms of CO2 equivalent. The GHG emissions from different
sources have been presented in the units of Gg CO2 eq.
Results:
Demographic Profiling
New Delhi
Background
Delhi is the national
capital of the country. It has served as the capital since time immemorial. It
lies in the subtropical semi arid region of India. It is situated on the bank
of the river Yamuna at the periphery of the Gangetic plains. It shares its
border with Uttar Pradesh in the east, and is surrounded by Haryana from the
rest of the sides. Delhi ranks 31st in terms of area. It has an area of 1484 km2. It is
a union territory. It is the only city to have districts. There are a total of
9 districts in Delhi which are listed in the table below.
Table 3: Districts of Delhi
|
S.No
|
District
|
|
1.
|
New Delhi
|
|
2.
|
North East
|
|
3.
|
East
|
|
4.
|
South West
|
|
5.
|
North West
|
|
6.
|
West
|
|
7.
|
North
|
|
8.
|
South
|
|
9.
|
Central
|
Source: Statistical
Abstract of Delhi, 2016
Climate
The national capital of
‘New Delhi’ lies between 28.7041° N latitude and
77.1025° E longitude. Delhi has
an extreme climate. It experiences a very hot and humid summer during May-July
and a cold winter during December and January. The average temperature varies
from 25 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius in summers whereas during the
winter the average temperature range is 22 degrees to 5 degrees Celsius. The
severity of winter has been fluctuating in the recent years. The national
capital also experiences rain spells due to the approaching monsoons during the
months of July to September. Summers are
generally hot.
Population:
Delhi is one of the
most populous cities of the country with a population of 16.8 million as per
the 2011 census, which is 1.2% of India’s total population. It is noteworthy to
say that the population has almost increased four times since 1971 till 2011. The population has steadily increased
from 2.65 million in 1971 to 4.06 million in 1981 to 6.22 million in 1991
to 9.42 million in 2001 to 13.85 million and finally to 16.8 million in 2011.
Figure 1.2 shows the decadal growth rate in Delhi and depicts that it has seen
a decadal growth rate of 52.93% in 1961-71 which rose to 53 % in 1971-81.
Later, the growth rate declined to to 51.45% in 1981-91 and in 1991-2001 to
47.02%. Then, finally to 20.96% in 2001-11.
Figure 1: Decadal
growth rate in population for Delhi (1961-71 to 2001-11)
At the district level,
North West Delhi (3.6 million), is the most populous, followed by South Delhi
(2.7 million), West Delhi (2.5 million) , South West Delhi (2.29 million) ,
North East Delhi (2.24 million) , East Delhi(1.7 million) , North Delhi( .88
million) , Central Delhi( .57 million) and New Delhi( .133 million)
respectively. Looking at the decadal growth rate in the population from 2001 to
2011, South West Delhi (30.65%) district has the highest decadal growth rate in
its population followed by North West Delhi (27.81%), North East Delhi
(26.78%), South Delhi (20.51%), West Delhi(19.46%), East Delhi (16.78%),North
Delhi (13.62%) respectively. Whereas, Central Delhi (-9.91%) and New Delhi
(-20.72%) saw a decline in the decadal growth rate.
The estimated
population density of Delhi was 11320 persons per Km2 in 2011 as
compared to 9340 persons per square Km2 in 2011. District wise
Central Delhi has the highest population density (8957 persons per square Km2),
followed by South Delhi (8505 persons per square Km2), North Delhi
(8104 persons per square Km2), West Delhi (5160 persons per square
Km2), North West Delhi (4903 persons per square Km2),
South West Delhi (3755 persons per square Km2), East Delhi (3208
persons per square Km2), North East Delhi (2440 persons per square
Km2) and New Delhi ( 2044
persons per square Km2) respectively.
Sex
Ratio
As per the 2011 census,
the male population in the state was 8.98 million and the female population was
7.8 million which clearly highlights that the there is a dominance of the male
population more than the female population and the same trend is followed
observed in the districts of the national capital. The sex ratio of Delhi
follows an interesting trend which has gone up from 821 in 2001 to 866 in 2011.
As per 2011 census, at district level, South Delhi has the highest sex ratio
whereas North West Delhi has the lowest sex ratio. (Census of India, 2011)
Table 4: Male, female
population and sex ratio of Delhi ( In millions)
|
Delhi
|
1981
|
1991
|
2001
|
2011
|
|
Male Population
|
3.44
|
5.15
|
7.60
|
8.97
|
|
Female Population
|
2.78
|
4.26
|
6.24
|
7.77
|
|
Sex Ratio ( females per 1000 males)
|
808
|
827
|
821
|
866
|
Source: Census of India
Scheduled Caste
Population
The Census of 2011
estimated Scheduled Caste (SC) population to be 2.81 million (16.75% of the
total population). However, at district level, North West Delhi has the highest
Scheduled Caste Population of 6.97 million (24.79% of the total population)
while, New Delhi has the lowest population of Scheduled Castes i.e. 0.033
million (1.18% of the total population). (Census of India, 2011)
Rural and Urban
Population
As per 2011 Census, the
percentage of rural people to the total population was 2.5% and percentage of
urban people to the total population was 97.5% for Delhi. From figure 2 and 3
it can be seen that there is an overall decrease in the percentage of rural
population whereas, there is an overall increase in the urban population.
However, there was a decrease in the urban population from 1981 to 1991,
however thereafter, the percentage increased for further years. Looking at
district level, it is observed that, as per 2011 census, North West Delhi has
the highest rural population as well as urban population. Central Delhi and New
Delhi have no rural population at all whereas; New Delhi has the lowest urban
population.
Figure 2: Percentage of
rural population to the total population
Urbanization is a
driver of economic growth of economy. Urbanization is measured as the ratio of
urban population to total population. On one hand urbanization enhances the
economic prosperity of the state by providing better access to urban services
and livelihood opportunities while on the other hand, it has some negative
consequences as well on the environment and urban services such as increase in
municipal waste, pressure on water and electricity, change in land use pattern,
growth of slums and informal sector which directly or indirectly affects the
quality of urban life in long run.
Figure 3: Percentage of
urban population to the total population
Literacy
rate:
Literacy is a key
socio- economic factor which represents the quality of human capital available
within the state. The total literacy rate in Delhi was estimated to be 86.2% in
2011 as compared to 81.67% in 2001. Further, according to the 2011 census, the
literacy rate of the male population and the female literacy rate were 90.9%
and 80.8% respectively. The figure 1.6 highlights the literacy rate- total,
male, female population for Delhi from 1971 to 2011. Talk about growth.
Looking at district
level, East Delhi has the highest level of literacy rate i.e. 89.31% followed
by New Delhi (88.34%) while, North East Delhi has the lowest literacy rate i.e.
83.09% as per the 2011 census.
Figure 4: Literacy Rate-
Total, Male& Female for Delhi (1961-2011)
Work Participation
Work participation rate
represents the active labour force in the economy. It is defined as the number
of people employed or actively looking for work, this does not include those
persons who are no longer actively searching for work. In Delhi the total work
participation rate was 33.28% as per the 2011 census. The work participation
rate was 31.10% for rural areas and 33.34% in urban areas as seen in the table
below.
Table 5: Work Participation
rate in Delhi in 2011
|
Work
Participation Rate (in %)
|
Total
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
Delhi
|
33.28
|
33.34
|
31.10
|
52.99
|
10.58
|
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India
Economic activity and
Sectoral shares
The economic growth of
the state is described as a measure of its Gross State Domestic Product. As per
the data made available by the planning commission of India, the union
territory of Delhi had a GSDP of Rs. 100,325 Crores at constant prices (2004-05
base prices) for the year 2012-13. Figure 5 shows the trend in Gross Domestic
Product (GSDP) from 2004-05 to 2013-13 at 2004-05 base prices.
Figure 5: Gross State
Domestic Product ( GSDP) at constant prices (2004-05 base prices)
Source: Central Statistics Office
From the figure it can
be easily analysed that the GSDP at constant prices (2004-05) has seen a steady
increase over the year from Rs 100,325 Crores in 2004-05 to 215,971 Crores in
2012-13.
Table 6: Sectoral share
of GSDP of Delhi
|
Sector
|
2004-05
|
2012-13
|
|
Agriculture and allied
|
1.09%
|
0.68%
|
|
Agriculture
|
1.01%
|
0.64%
|
|
Industry
|
18.44%
|
9.93%
|
|
Construction
|
9.73%
|
4.24%
|
|
Manufacture
|
7.30%
|
5.01%
|
|
Services
|
80.47%
|
89.40%
|
Source: Central
Statistics Office
As seen by the
available data it is clearly evident that the service sector is the main driver
of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) . The percentage share of various
sectors for the years 2004-05 and 2012-13 are presented below. In 2004-05 the
service sector comprised 80.47% of the total GSDP share whereas in 2012-13, it
comprised of 89.40% of the total GSDP share.
The Central Statistical
Office (CSO), GOI changed the base year for the estimation of Gross Domestic
Product from 2004-05 to 2011-12. So the GSDP at constant prices taking 2011-12
as the year is depicted below in Figure 6.
Figure 6: Gross State
Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant prices ( 2011-12 base year)
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation
Figure 6 highlights a
steady increase in the GSDP over the years. There is an increase from Rs.
343,767 Crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 498,217 Crore in 2016-17. The GSDP in 2015-16
was 460,217 Crore and that in 2016-17 is 498,217 Crores indicating an annual
growth rate of 8.25 % from 2015-16 to 2016-17.
Table 7 highlights the
share of various sectors of the gross value added of the state at constant
prices taking 2011-12 as the base year from 2011-12 to 2015-17. It can be
clearly seen that the services sector has the highest share of GVA.
Table 7: GVA by
economic activity at constant prices (2011-12)
|
Sector
|
2011-12
|
2012-13
|
2013-014
|
2014-15
|
2015-16
|
2016-17
|
|
Agriculture
|
285471
|
222388
|
199538
|
187767
|
225989
|
228911
|
|
Manufacturing
|
1890728
|
2224419
|
2315186
|
2452498
|
3151066
|
3857622
|
|
Construction
|
1666852
|
1631439
|
1680482
|
1656381
|
1599656
|
1562491
|
|
Services
|
25704234
|
27324367
|
28978579
|
31771551
|
33722252
|
36280260
|
Source:
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
was formed on the 9 November 2000 and became the 27 State of India. It was carved out of the northern Uttar
Pradesh. It is located at the foothills
of the Himalayas. It is a mountainous state sharing its boundaries with Tibet
in north as Nepal in the east. Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the other
two neighbours. It is rich in natural resources especially water and forests
with many glaciers, rivers, dense forests and snow-clad mountain peaks.
Dehradun is the Capital of Uttarakhand. This state has a geographical area of 53483 km2 of which 46035 km2 comprises of the hilly
area while 7448 km2 accounts for the plain area. The state has a latitude of 28° 43' N to 31° 27 ' N and a
longitude of 77° 34' E to 81° 02' E.
(Uttarakhand at a Glance, 2015).
The state is divided into two
divisions namely Garhwal Division and
Kumaoun Division. There are a total of
13 districts in Uttarakhand which are listed below in Table 8.
Table 8: Districts of Uttarakhand
|
Sr. No.
|
District
|
|
Garhwal Division
|
|
|
1.
|
Chamoli
|
|
2.
|
Dehradun
|
|
3.
|
Haridwar
|
|
4.
|
Rudraprayag
|
|
5.
|
Tehri Garhwal
|
|
6.
|
Pauri Garhwal
|
|
7.
|
Uttarkashi
|
|
Kumaoun Division
|
|
|
8.
|
Almora
|
|
9.
|
Bageshwar
|
|
10.
|
Champawat
|
|
11.
|
Nanital
|
|
12.
|
Pithoragarh
|
|
13.
|
U S Nagar
|
Population
Uttarakhand ranks 20th
in terms of population in India. As per the 2011 census population of this
state was 10.08 million. It is noteworthy to say that the population has almost
increased three times since 1971 till 2011.
The population has steadily increased from 3.61 million in 1971 to 4..49 million in 1981 to 5.72 million in 1991
to 7.05 million in 2001 to 8.48 million and finally to 10.08 million in 2011.
Figure 7 shows the decadal growth rate in the state of Uttarakhand and depicts
that it has seen a decadal growth rate of 24.42% in 1961-71 which rose to27.45 %
in 1971-81 and then declines to 23.13 % in 1981-91 then to 20.41% in 1991-2001 and
finally to 18.81% in 2001-11.
Figure 7: Decadal
growth of Population in Uttarakhand
Source: Census of India
At the district level,
Rudraprayag is the least populated district with a population of 0.24 million.
Contrary to this, Haridwar is the most populous district of the state
comprising a population of 1.89 million.
Sex Ratio:
As per the 2011 census,
the male population in the state was 5.13 million and the female population was
4.94 million which clearly highlights that the there is a dominance of the male
population more than the female population.. The sex ratio of Uttarakhand
follows an increasing trend which has gone up from 936 in 1991 to 962 in 2001
and then to 963 in 2011. (Census of India, 2011).
Table 9: Sex Ratio of
Uttarakhand
|
Delhi
|
1991
|
2001
|
2011
|
|
Male Population
|
3.64
|
4.32
|
5.13
|
|
Female Population
|
3.40
|
4.16
|
4.94
|
|
Sex Ratio ( females
per 1000 males)
|
936
|
962
|
963
|
Source: Census of India
Rural and Urban
Population:
It can be clearly seen
in the table that the rural population in 2001 was 6.31 million whereas the
urban population account for abour 2.17 million. In 2011 the urban population
comprisd of 7.02 million and the urban population comprised of 3.1 million. The
rural population saw a decadal growth of 11.25% whereas urban population grew t
42.85%.
Table 10: Rural and
Urban population breakup of Uttarakhand
|
Year
|
|
Rural population
|
Urban population
|
|
2001
|
Population(Millions)
|
6.31
|
2.17
|
|
|
Decadal growth rate
|
-
|
-
|
|
2011
|
Population(Millions)
|
7.02
|
3.1
|
|
|
Decadal growth rate
|
11.25%
|
42.85
|
Source: Census of India
Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribes:
The details of the SC/
ST population in accordance with the 2001 and 2011 census are given below.
Table 11: Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population of Uttarakhand
|
Scheduled Caste Population
|
|
2001
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
15.17
|
|
|
Male
|
7.81
|
|
|
Female
|
7.36
|
|
2011
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
18.92
|
|
|
Male
|
9.6
|
|
|
Female
|
9.2
|
|
Scheduled Tribes
|
|
2001
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
2.56
|
|
|
Male
|
1.31
|
|
|
Female
|
1.25
|
|
2011
|
Total ( Lakh)
|
2.9
|
|
|
Male
|
1.48
|
|
|
Female
|
1.43
|
Source: Census of India
Literacy Rate:
Literacy is a key
socio- economic factor which represents the quality of human capital available
within the state. The total literacy rate in Uttarakhand was estimated to be 78.80%
in 2011 as compared to 71.62% in 2001. Further, according to the 2011 census,
the literacy rate of the male population and the female literacy rate were 70.01%
and 807.4% respectively. The figure 8 highlights the literacy rate- Uttarakhand
from 1971 to 2011.
Table 8: Decadal
Literacy Rate of Uttarakhand
Source: Economic
Survey,2013-14
Economic activity and
Sectoral shares
The economic growth of
the state is described as a measure of its Gross State Domestic Product. As per
the data made available by the Ministry of statistics and Programme
Implementation, the state of Uttarakhand had a GSDP of Rs. 108,250 Crores at
constant prices (2004-05 base prices) for the year 2012-13. Figure 9 shows the
trend in Gross Domestic Product (GSDP) from 2004-05 to 2013-13 at 2004-05 base
prices.
Figure 9: Gross State
Domestic Product ( GSDP) at constant prices (2004-05 base prices)
Source: Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation
The Central Statistical
Office (CSO), GOI changed the base year for the estimation of Gross Domestic
Product from 2004-05 to 2011-12. So the GSDP at constant prices taking 2011-12
as the year is depicted below in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Gross State
Domestic Product (GSDP) at constant prices ( 2011-12 base year)
Figure 10 highlights a
steady increase in the GSDP over the years. There is an increase from Rs. 115,524
Crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 153,041 Crore in 2015-16. The GSDP in 2014-15 was 140,791
Crore and that in 2015-16 was 153,041 Crore indicating an annual growth rate of
8.7 % from 2014-15 to 2015-16.
Emissions from energy
sector
Electricity generation
in Delhi
The emissions in the
electricity generation sector are mainly from the combustion of various fossil
fuels. The following analysis has been done by raw the data obtained from
Petroleum Planning Analysis Cell (PPAC). The electricity generation trend
follows a very haphazard trend.
For Delhi, it can
possibly be attributed to the fact that Delhi faced the shutdown of a few power
plants which produced much less electricity as compared to its production cost.
One of the major factors governing this trend can be that the emissions
reported below from energy generation include exclusively the emissions from
grid based power plants only. Emissions from captive generation of electricity
using fossil fuels in various industries is considered under Industries Sector.
In 2014-15 Delhi emitted 216.48 Gg CO2 eq from the power sector.
Figure 11: GHG Emission
due to Energy generation in Delhi
In case of Uttarakhand
as well, GHG emissions from power generation follows a very haphazard trend.
This can be attributed to the fact that the fossil fuel dependence of this
state for electricity generation is quiet less because of the presence of
various hydroelectric plants and dams that are present in the state.
Figure 12: GHG Emission
due to Energy generation in Uttarakhand
Industry Sector:
Industry sector in Delhi
is one of the most energy incentive sectors. The major fuels consumed are
petroleum products mainly fuel oil. The GHG emissions from industry sector in
2014-15 were 63319.63 Gg Co2 eq. Whereas, in 2013-14 the emissions from this
sector were about 47570.028 Gg Co2 eq.
Figure 12: GHG Emission
from Industry Sector in Delhi
The trend of GHG
emissions from the industry sector in Uttarakhand is similar to that of Delhi
despite the fact that the GHG emissions in Uttarakhand are less as compared to
Delhi. Since, Uttarakhand is a hilly region with a wide forest cover so the
emissions from this sector are bound to be less in comparison to any other
urban state.
Figure 13: GHG Emission
due to Industry Sector in Uttarakhand
Transport Sector
The transport sector
forms a major part of the GHG emissions in Delhi keeping in account the
population and the fact that it is that national capital. This sector comprises
of the emissions from aviation, railways and road transport sector. The
emissions in this sector are from the combustion of fossil fuels, like motor
spirit, diesel, LPG Auto etc.
Figure 13: GHG Emission
from Transport Sector in Delhi
As seen in the figure,
the GHG emissions from transport sector in Delhi follow an increasing trend.
The emission in 2005-06 was 38828.63 Gg CO2 eq and that in 2014-15, it reached
to 112771.88 Gg CO2 eq in the year 2014-15. This increase in emissions from
this sector can be attributed to the fact that the number of vehicles has
increased over the years and is still increasing to the emissions is bound to
increase with time.
Again in case of
Uttarakhand, emissions in this sector are comparatively less as compared to the
energy intensive state of Delhi. Since
the population of this state is low and in turn the number of vehicles as well
declines. Though, the emissions from this sector follow an increasing trend
with increasing number of vehicles which is directly proportional to the
economic well being of the people. As seen in the figure, the GHG emissions
from the transport sector in the year CO2 eq. 2014-15 was 47104.4196 Gg CO2 eq
whereas in 2005-06 it was 22107.2114 Gg
Figure 13: GHG Emission
from Transport Sector in Uttarakhand
Other Sectors
This sector mainly
comprises emissions from the agriculture and residential and commercial sector.
It is an assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions from the above mentioned
sectors. At residential level, the combustion of fuels takes place for
activities like, lighting cooking, heating, air conditioning and other day to
day works. At the Agricultural level, the consumption of fuels is mainly due to
the irrigation activities. The decadal GHG Emissions from this sector for both
Delhi and Uttarakhand are depicted below.
Figure 14: GHG Emission
from Other Sectors in Delhi
Figure 15: GHG Emission
from Other Sectors in Uttarakhand
Conclusion
With the above analysis of the
GHG emissions we were able to calculate the total GHG emissions of Both Delhi
and Uttarakhand.
In Both the figures below we find
that the total emissions have been following an increasing trend.
Figure 16: Total GHG Emissions in
Delhi
The total GHG emissions in Delhi
from various sectors in 2004-05 were 79708.604 Gg CO2 Eq and that in 2014-15
was 177215.4528 Gg CO2 Eq.
Figure 17: Total GHG Emissions in
Uttarakhand
The
total GHG emissions in Delhi from various sectors in 2004-05 were 24390.563Gg
CO2 Eq and that in 2014-15 was 48944.82 Gg CO2 Eq.
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